Characteristics of Medieval Architecture. Medieval architecture refers to architectural styles in Medieval Europe, both in Spain and in the rest of the continent. In fact, the architecture has undergone several changes and phases during this period, from Romanesque to Gothic.
In general, the building architecture of medieval Europe was mainly related to the construction of sacred buildings such as churches, which were the main structure of the Christian faith.
Architecture in the Middle Ages presents several styles, Romanesque, French and Gothic. Each style has its own distinct characteristics. Romanesque architecture was from 1066 to 1200 and was mainly characterized by round arches and vaults.
Most architectural structures during these times were characterized by the use of pillars instead of columns. In general, medieval builders preferred round arches. However, this could occasionally vary from time to time, instead they used slightly pointed bows. Features of medieval Gothic architecture included stained glass, the use of buttresses, tall spiers, gargoyles, and arches that pointed rather than were round.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe experienced a period of recovery before beginning to expand its artistic contributions to the world. Medieval architecture is based on the designs of the Romans, but modern elements have been developed in different parts of Europe.
With the rise of Christianity and the founding of the Catholic Church, Europeans transformed Roman basilicas into massive cathedrals. With the transition from Romanesque to Gothic, cathedrals began to rebalance weight with pointed arches and buttresses supporting the interior walls of the cathedral.
Buttresses allowed architects to make the walls of cathedrals thinner and they were then able to incorporate colorful stained glass into the decoration to create a romantic, heavenly atmosphere in their buildings.
Medieval castles and fortresses were often built of heavy carved stones and included towers, bridges and moats. Because these locks were damp and drafty, people began weaving tapestries to insulate the walls.
Fireplaces have been common in ancient European homes, but the invention of the fireplace in the early Middle Ages led to a practical solution for hearths and indoor fireplaces.
Byzantine Architecture
Although other parts of Western Europe had fundamental differences in architecture during the Middle Ages, Byzantine architecture was still classically conservative. It continues to display classic proportions, as well as smooth, unaltered surfaces. However, Byzantine architects have also developed a unique style, mainly different from the Roman ones.
This is done through a complex dome design. The mosaic is the favorite work of art of the Byzantines. Not surprisingly, most of the building’s interior is covered in well-designed mosaics and murals. The architectural structure and layout of the Byzantine capital is mainly derived from classical Greek and Roman designs.
It was the architectural style of Constantinople (now Istanbul) after the year 330. Eclectic, at first they were based mainly on the characteristics of the Roman temple. The combination of the cathedral and the religious structure with a symmetrical (circular or polygonal) central plan forms a unique Byzantine church with a Greek cross plan, a central square and four arms of equal length.
Main characteristics of Byzantine style architecture
- The most distinctive feature was the vaulted ceiling.
- High spaces in structures.
- It presented highly decorated spaces.
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
It is a term used to describe the architectural style used between 800 and 1100 AD. The name of this architectural style from the Middle Ages led to the direct connection between this architectural style and the Roman Empire.
The reason for this connection is the similarities between Roman architecture, especially the Roman “barrel dome” and the Roman arch. Medieval Romanesque architecture was the first major architectural style developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire.
Main characteristics of Romanesque style architecture
- The stone used was cut with precision
- The use of the Roman arch made the stone rest in the center in the construction.
- Buttresses were introduced to support the basic design.
- The vault was developed to allow the construction of stone roofs.
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture began in France in the 12th century. New style in architecture and design that was later called French style. However, since this new style no longer reflects classical lines and proportions in most designs, it was later called the “Gothic” style during the Renaissance.
At the end of the Middle Ages, Gothic architecture emerged. Gothic buildings are terms used to describe the architectural style used between 1200 and 1500 AD. Medieval Gothic architecture and decoration originally originated in France. It was called “French style.”
Main characteristics of Gothic style architecture
- The Gothic architecture was luminous.
- Wider window openings
- Use of a pointed arch, fluted vaults and buttresses.
- A greater number of towers.
- Decorative designs and sculptures including Gargoyles.
Elizabethan Architecture
Elizabethan Architecture
It was in Renaissance style during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. And the houses of the upper classes followed this architectural style. Instead of wood and acacia, stones and bricks were used. This was done mainly because of its durability and appearance. Elizabethan architecture took over classical Greek and Roman architecture. The original Royal Exchange in London was the first major building designed by Henri de Paschen.
During this time, English houses began to adopt newer concepts, such as a long gallery, main reception room. Most of these buildings also had asymmetrical towers indicating how medieval architecture had developed.
Tudor architecture
Tudor architecture
Tudor architecture was the last stage in the development of medieval architecture in England. This type of medieval architecture had different characteristics that distinguished it from other medieval architectural styles.
The large houses built in the Tudor period were of a less defensive style, built for aesthetic reasons. It was best defined by a four-part arch called the Tudor Arch. Additionally, some of the most extraordinary designer windows have been modeled using this type of architectural style. The moldings became longer, while the foliage became more naturalistic.
Characteristics of Medieval Architecture